Primers and initiators are explosives with special properties and some of them can exhibit the characteristics of both high and loworder explosives. Recent advances in high nitrogen energetic materials. Preface thisbookoutlinesthebasicprinciplesneededtounderstandthemechanism of explosions by chemical explosives. Robert dale hodgson consultant organic chemist, syntech chemical consultancy, morecambe, lancashire, uk. Rodriguez chemistry of high energy materials baran gm 20120818 routes tto cnitro functionality nitration chemistry borgardt et al. The stability of explosives is related to the chemistry of the energetic groups its easy to design material that will explode its hard to make good explosives energetic groups stabilizing groups n h h structure functional relationships are approximate agrawal, j. Beginning with a broad view of the need for and the potential applications of chemical sensing, the book considers the issue of how to effectively include chemical sensing into systems designed to find hidden explosives devices. Introduction an explosive material, also called explosive, is a reactive substance that contains a great amount of potential energy that can produce an explosion if released suddenly, usually accompanied by the production of light, heat, sound, and pressure. I by tadeusz urbanski department of technology, politechnika warszawa authorized translation by irena jeczalikowa and sylvia laverton pergamon press oxford london. The book is a masterly treatise, reflecting the authors intimate knowledge of his subject. Newest explosives questions chemistry stack exchange. Chemed x invites stakeholders in chemical education to submit articles, blogs, activities, demonstrations and picks. Highpressure shock compression of condensed matter.
A molecular approach 4th edition 3rd edition also ok. Explosive devices may be mechanical, chemical, or atomic. Detonation occurs when the rate of chemical decomposition is greater than the speed of sound. Chemistry of explosives explosives are chemical mixtures or compounds that, when subjected to heat, impact, or shock, are capable of undergoing a rapid decomposition that releases heat and gases, which, in turn, expand to form high pressures. Most of them are high explosives and they are much more sensitive to friction, heat. Covering all aspects of explosive chemistry from history to manufacturing techniques and formulation, the chemistry of explosives is a unique text which introduces difficult subjects pdf in a readable manner. An explosive or explosive material is a reactive substance that contains a great amount of potential energy that can produce an explosion if released suddenly, usually accompanied by the production of light, heat, sound, and pressure. Corner turning research test held 2004 propellants. Properties of explosives definition an explosive is a material, cither a pure single substance or a mixture of substances, which is capable of producing an explosion by its own energy.
Analysis and trends one of the strongest existing high explosives requires very little priming charge to initiate detonation can be manipulated and combined with a variety of chemicals and explosives sheet explosives frequently contain petn. The chemistry of powder and explosives by tenney l. Urbanski, 9780080102382, available at book depository with free delivery worldwide. Predicting detonation performance of chnofcl and aluminized explosives. Accordingly, gunpowder explodes at only a few metres a second. Emeritus professor of organic chemistry massachusetts institute of technology director of research and development national fireworks, inc. The explosive potential of nitrogen compounds news. Our readers are most interested in finding activities linked to ngss, support. It is widely used as a blasting agent, an ingredient in certain dynamites, and as a fertilizer. This compound is compatible with the definition given above about the suitability of a hydrocarbon to be an explosive or fuel since it is rich with ch bonds which are the combustible part. An example of a guel which is used in rocket technology is nitromethane or ch3no2. Some commercial explosives with high fuel content may readily ignite and burn.
Organic chemistry of explosives is the first text to bring together the essential methods and routes used for the synthesis of organic explosives in a single volume. This potential energy stored in an explosive material may be chemical energy, pressurized gas or nuclear energy. The third edition of this popular book has been fully revised and updated and outlines the basic principles needed to understand the mechanism of explosions by chemical explosives. Mechanical explosions occur when a closed system is heateda violent pressure rupture can occur.
The history, theory and chemical types of explosives. Chemical technology lecturelab chem 301 section 003 w 8. However, this doesnt make a heated can of soup an explosive. Trace chemical sensing of explosives wiley online books. See the contribution guidelines for information about the specific content types. Perform the calculations needed to estimate a the pressure that would be generated upon detonation of 1. One of them was that gunpowder is a low explosive because it is a mixture. Two research groups looking at the explosive potential of nitrogen compounds have used their findings in very different ways two separate groups have looked at the explosive potential of nitrogen compounds but while one group made an incredibly explosive compound, the others have developed a safer synthetic route for tetrazoles.
Before you submit, you should first read the contribution page and then follow the link to the contribution guidelines. The manufacture and chemical, physical, and physiological properties of nitro compounds of interest in the technology of explosives are given detailed treatment. Assuming no prior knowledge, the book discusses everything from the simplest mixed acid nitration of toluene, to the complex synthesis of highly energetic caged nitro compounds. In confined spaces, burning may lead to detonation. It seems unnecessary to define an explosion, for everyone knows what it isa loud noise and the sudden going away of things from the place where they have been. Manuals of chemical technology111 industrial nitrogen compounds and explosives a practical treatise on the manufacture, properties, and. Ninan high energy oxidisers fcir advanced solid propellants and explosives advances in solid propellant technology, p1. Introduction to explosives and propellants part of the text from parti of this chapter has been presented. The chemistry of powder and explosives, volumes 12. Oxleys lab specializes in the study of energetic materials explosives, propellants, pyrotechnics. Organic chemistry of explosives jai prakash agrawal. This timely book covers the most recent developments in the chemical detection of explosives in a variety of environments. Chemistry and technology of explosives good debate. Commercial explosives ammonium nitrate ammonium nitrate is one of the least sensitive and most readily available main charge high explosives.
The history, theory and chemical types of explosives are introduced, providing the reader with information on the physical parameters of primary and secondary explosives. An explosive charge is a measured quantity of explosive material, which may either be composed solely of one ingredient or be a mixture containing at least two. Oxidation is the term used for the combinationof a substance with oxygen, or in general any reaction where an atom ormolecule loses electrons. Anfo and waterbased explosives such as water gels and emulsions are more difficult to ignite in the open.
An explosive substance is one which reacts chemically to produce heat and gas with rapid expansion of matter. Chapter i properties of explosives an explosive is a. The explosives materials collection covered by this cookbook is not complete, of course. Depending on its purity, it will range in color from white to buffbrown and will have a saline or salty. Free download the chemistry of explosives 2e chemistry. Make higher chemistry relevant education science have the opportunity to bring chemistry as a whole into focus for the students. What is meant byoxidation and show how oxidation reactions are used to cause explosions. Commonly encountered explosives and ordnance explosive.